What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?

Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system whose primary function is to transmit and process information through electrical impulses and chemical signals. They achieve this by generating action potentials, which are rapid changes in membrane potential that allow communication along the neuron and between neurons. When an action potential reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters, chemical messengers that cross synapses to convey information to adjacent neurons or other target cells.

This ability to rapidly respond to stimuli and convey messages across complex networks is essential for all nervous system functions, including reflexes, sensory perception, and higher cognitive processes. Neurons coordinate the activity of the entire nervous system, allowing organisms to react to their environment and execute voluntary actions.

While other cells in the nervous system contribute to its overall function—such as glial cells that provide support and protection—these roles do not encompass the primary function of neurons, which is focused on information transmission and processing.